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Primrose syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition caused by heterozygous missense variants within ZBTB20. Through an exome sequencing approach (as part of the Deciphering Developmental Disorders [DDD] study) we have identified five unrelated individuals with previously unreported, de novo ZBTB20 pathogenic missense variants. All five missense variants targeted the C2H2 zinc finger domains. This genotype-up approach has allowed further refinement of the Primrose syndrome phenotype. Major characteristics (>90% individuals) include an intellectual disability (most frequently in the moderate range), a recognizable facial appearance and brain MRI abnormalities, particularly abnormalities of the corpus callosum. Other frequent clinical associations (in 50-90% individuals) include sensorineural hearing loss (83%), hypotonia (78%), cryptorchidism in males (75%), macrocephaly (72%), behavioral issues (56%), and dysplastic/hypoplastic nails (57%). Based upon these clinical data we discuss our current management of patients with Primrose syndrome.

Original publication

DOI

10.1002/ajmg.a.61024

Type

Journal article

Journal

Am J Med Genet A

Publication Date

03/2019

Volume

179

Pages

344 - 349

Keywords

DDD study, Primrose syndrome, ZBTB20, exome sequencing, intellectual disability, Abnormalities, Multiple, Calcinosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Ear Diseases, Facies, Female, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic Loci, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Mutation, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Phenotype, Transcription Factors